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Immersion baptism (also known as baptism by immersion or baptism by submersion) is a method of baptism that is distinguished from baptism by affusion (pouring) and by aspersion (sprinkling), sometimes without specifying whether the immersion is total or partial,〔"Baptism (Gr. ''baptizein'', 'to dip in water') Initiation into the Christian faith through a worship ceremony in which water is applied by sprinkling (aspersion), pouring (affusion), or immersion while the Trinitarian formula is spoken … Main modes of baptism are immersion (dipping or plunging), pouring (affusion), and sprinkling (aspersion)." – (Donald K. McKim, ''Westminster Dictionary of Theological Terms'' (Westminster John Knox Press 1996), p. 25 )〕〔"Baptism. The practice of sprinkling with, pouring on or immersing in water as an act of Christian initiation and obedience to Christ’s own command." – (Grenz, Guretzki & Nordling (eds.), ''Pocket dictionary of theological terms'' (Intervarsity Press 1999), p. 18 )〕〔"In Christianity, baptism—either by plunging in water or by sprinkling with it—represents the first act of incorporation 'into Christ' and into the fellowship of the church." – Fahlbusch & Bromiley (eds.), ''The Encyclopedia of Christianity'', volume 1, (Eerdmans,1999–2003), p. 183〕〔"The word baptism is a transliteration of the Greek word ''baptizo'' which means to plunge, to dip, or to immerse. … In New Testament times baptism was by a single immersion, with triple immersions appearing only later; occasionally, in cases of sickness or lack of water, affusion was practiced" – Myers, A. C., ''The Eerdmans Bible Dictionary (Eerdmans 1987), p. 123〕〔"Some form of immersion is envisaged, although affusion is allowed if running or standing water is lacking: 'If you do not have either, pour water three times on the head'." – Martin, R. P., & Davids, P. H. (2000). Dictionary of the later New Testament and its developments (electronic ed.).〕 but very commonly with the indication that the person baptized is immersed completely.〔"Immersion, Baptism by (BAP-tih-zuhm bai ih-MER-shuhn): A method of baptizing whereby the whole person is submerged in water three times while the Trinitarian formula is pronounced. In the Rite of Baptism, immersion is indicated as the first way to baptize. For immersion, the candidate steps down or into a pool of water at waist height." – Stravinskas, ''Catholic Dictionary'' (Our Sunday Visitor 1993, 2002), p. 402〕〔""While much debate has focused on the varying interpretations of the forms of baptism, each form (immersion, sprinkling, or pouring) is clearly associated with the concept of cleansing and identification, which are the two integral parts of Spirit baptism. Immersion, however, depicts more clearly the symbolic aspect of baptism since its three steps—immersion (going into the water), submersion (going under the water), and emersion (coming out of the water)—more closely parallel the concept of entering into the death of Christ, experiencing the forgiveness of sins, and rising to walk in the newness of Christ’s resurrected life (Rom 6:4)." – Douglas, & Tenney (eds.), ''New International Bible Dictionary'' (Zondervan 1987), p. 124〕〔"According to the rules of by far the largest portion of the Christian Church the water may be used in any one of three ways: ''immersion'', where the recipient enters bodily into the water, and where, during the action, the head is plunged either once or three times beneath the surface; ''affusion'', where water is poured upon the head of the recipient who stands either in water or on dry ground; and ''aspersion'', where water is sprinkled on the head or on the face. ''1. Immersion'' It has frequently been argued that the word ''baptízein'' invariably means 'to dip' or 'immerse' and that therefore Christian baptism must have been performed originally by immersion only, and that the other two forms, infusion and aspersion, are invalid – that there can be no real baptism unless the method of immersion be used. But the word that invariably means 'to dip' is not ''baptízein'' but ''báptein''; ''baptízein'' has a wider signification; and its use to denote the Jewish ceremonial of pouring water on the hands (Lk. 11:38; Mk. 7:4), as has already been said, shows that it is impossible to conclude from the word itself that immersion is the only valid method of performing the rite. ... When immersion was used the head of the recipient was plunged thrice beneath the surface at the mention of each name of the trinity; when the mode was by affusion the same reference to the trinity was kept by pouring water thrice upon the head. The two usages that were recognized and prescribed by the beginning of the 2nd cent. may have been in use throughout the apostolic period, although definitive information is lacking." T.M. Lindsay, ''Baptism. Reformed View'', in Bromiley (ed.) 'The International Standard Bible Encyclopedia, Revised', volume 1, page 419 (1988; 2002)〕〔'One of their strongest arguments revolves around the Greek word for baptism in the New Testament. Its predominant meaning is "to immerse" or "to dip," implying that the candidate was plunged beneath the water.', Youngblood, R. F., Bruce, F. F., Harrison, R. K., & Thomas Nelson Publishers. (1995). Nelson's new illustrated Bible dictionary〕 The term is also, though less commonly, applied exclusively to modes of baptism that involve only partial immersion (see Terminology, below) ==Terminology== Baptism by immersion is understood by some to imply submersion of the whole body beneath the surface of the water.〔〔'The baptism of John did have certain similarities to the ritual washings at Qumran: both involved withdrawal to the desert to await the lord; both were linked to an ascetic lifestyle; both included total immersion in water; and both had an eschatological context.' (Maxwell E. Johnson, 'Living Water, Sealing Spirit: Readings on Christian Initiation', 1995), p. 41.〕〔"Immersion, however, depicts more clearly the symbolic aspect of baptism since its three steps—immersion (going into the water), submersion (going under the water), and emersion (coming out of the water)—more closely parallel the concept of entering into the death of Christ, experiencing the forgiveness of sins, and rising to walk in the newness of Christ’s resurrected life (Rom 6:4).' (Douglas, & Tenney (eds.)., 'New International Bible Dictionary ', 1987), p. 124.〕〔"Immersion, Baptism by (BAP-tih-zuhm bai ih-MER-shuhn): A method of baptizing whereby the whole person is submerged in water three times while the Trinitarian formula is pronounced. In the Rite of Baptism, immersion is indicated as the first way to baptize. For immersion, the candidate steps down or into a pool of water at waist height." (Stravinskas, ‘Catholic Dictionary’, 2002), p. 402.〕〔'Presumably D5 and D6 apply to men and women alike; after completing the immersion (D5) – that is, after submerging totally in the water and emerging – the convert, whether male or female, is deemed to be like an Israelite in all respects (D6).' (Shaye J. D. Cohen, 'The Beginnings of Jewishness', 2001: quoting: The Journal of Jewish studies: Volume 41, p. 185)〕〔'The fact that he chose a permanent and deep river suggests that more than a token quantity of water was needed, and both the preposition "in" (the Jordan) and the basic meaning of the verb "baptize" probably indicate immersion. In v. 16 Matthew will speak of Jesus "coming up out of the water." The traditional depiction in Christian art of John the Baptist pouring water over Jesus' head may therefore be based on later Christian practice.' ((R. T. France, 'The Gospel of Matthew', 2007, p. 109 )).〕 Others speak of baptismal immersion as either complete or partial,〔"As to the method of baptism, it is probable that the original form was by immersion, complete or partial" (Williston Walker, "A History of the Christian Church'', quoted in (Saint John's Seminary, Course Lectures, Early Church History to 1500, Baptism). )〕〔"Total or partial immersion of the candidate seems to be the form best grounded in the Tradition, and to be acceptable to most churches" ((Jeffrey Gros, Thomas F. Best, Lorelei F. Fuchs, ''Growth in Agreement III'' (Eerdmans 2008 ISBN 978-0-8028-6229-7), p. 567). )〕〔"Baptism can be administered by total or partial immersion" ((John Renard, ''The Handy Religion Answer Book'' (Barnes and Nobles 2004 ISBN 978-0-7607-5768-0). p. 183). )〕〔"As indicated above, some form of baptism by total or partial immersion was likely the usual mode during the New Testament period" (''Digest of the Proceedings of the Meetings of the Consultation on Church Union'', volumes 3-6, p. 81)〕〔"The three modes of baptism, by immersion (whole or partial) …" ((Gerald Ellard, ''Christian Life and Worship'' (Arno Press 1978 ISBN 0-405-10810-9, reprint of 1948 edition by Bruce Publishing Company), p. 263). )〕〔"IMMERSION: Baptism in which the person is partially or entirely submerged in the baptismal waters" ((RCIA Glossary for Common Terms") )〕〔"The ceremony commonly takes the form of partial or total immersion of the believer" ((William David Davies (editor), ''The Cambridge History of Judaism'' (Cambridge University Press 2000 ISBN 978-0-521-24377-3), vol. 3, p. 471). )〕〔"Ideas linked to baptism with water were: repentance, conversion, cleansing from sin, promise of eternal ... instruction or catechizing, fasting, total or partial immersion (though sometimes sprinkling)" ((D. Bishop, Michael Darton, ''The Encyclopedia of World Faiths'' (Macdonald Orbis 1987), p. 77). )〕 and do not find it tautologous to describe a particular form of immersion baptism as "full" 〔(Lynn Bridgers, ''The American Religious Experience: A Concise History'' (Rowman & Littlefield 2006), p. 158 )〕〔(Shelly O'Foran, ''Little Zion: A Church Baptized by Fire'' (University of North Carolina Press 2006), p. 183 )〕〔(April M. Beisaw, James G. Gibb, ''The Archaeology of Institutional Life'' (University of Alabama Press 2009), p. 140 )〕〔(Leonie Beth Liveris, ''Ancient Taboos and Gender Prejudice: Challenges for Orthodox Women and the Church (Ashgate Publishing 2005), p. 73 )〕〔(Robert N. McCauley, E. Thomas Lawson, ''Bringing Ritual to Mind: Psychological Foundations of Cultural Forms'' (Cambridge University Press 2002), p.191 )〕〔(Emlen S Garrett, ''The Mark of a Christian'' (Xulon Press 2007), p. 61 )〕〔(Shelley Karen Perlove, Larry Silver, ''Rembrandt's Faith: Church and Temple in the Dutch Golden Age'' (Penn State University Press 2009), p. 269 )〕〔(Josephine E Bagby, ''Blessings and Testings: A Twentieth Century Christian Life'' (AuthorHouse 2009), pp. 59–61 )〕〔(John B. Rehder, ''Appalachian Folkways'' (Johns Hopkins University Press 2004), p. 237 )〕〔(Lyn Carnaby, Craig Spence, ''New Ideas for Religious Education'' (Nelson Thomes 2001), p. 86 )〕 or "total".〔(Ralph E. Bass, Jr., ''What about Baptism: A Discussion on the Mode, Candidate and Purpose of Christian Baptism'' (Nicene Press 1999), p. 4 )〕〔(Mark Earey, ''Connecting with Baptism: A Practical Guide to Christian Initiation Today'' (Church House Publishing 2007), p. 149 )〕〔(Wendy L. Haight, ''African-American Children at Church: A Sociocultural Perspective'' (Cambridge University Press 2001), p. 159 )〕〔(Tess Van Sommers, ''Religions in Australia'' (Rigby 1966), p. 24 )〕〔(Robert Choquette, ''Canada's Religions: An Historical Introduction'' (University of Ottawa Press 2004), p. 416 )〕〔(James M. Eder, Seth A. Roberts, ''Barron's AP European History'' (Barron's Educational Series 2010), p. 71 )〕〔(Richard North Patterson, ''The Final Judgment'' (Random House 1996), p. 43 )〕 Still others use the term "immersion baptism" to mean a merely partial immersion by dipping the head in the water or by pouring water over the head of a person standing in a baptismal pool,〔"If the baptism be given by immersion, the priest dips the back part of the head (of the child) three times into the water in the form of a cross, pronouncing the sacramental words" ((William Fanning, "Baptism" in ''The Catholic Encyclopedia''). )〕〔"In the early Church baptism was by one of four methods: complete submersion of the entire body, immersion of the head, affusion or pouring, or aspersion or sprinkling" ((Steven J. Schloeder, ''Architecture in Communion''. Ignatius Press 1998 ISBN 0-89870-631-9. p. 113). )〕〔"There are four principal methods of baptizing: (1) submersion (or total immersion) ; (2) immersion, when the head is dipped with or without the candidate standing in the water; (3) affusion, when water is poured over the head and (4) …" (John Gordon Davies, ''The Architectural Setting of Baptism''. Barrie and Rockliff 1962. p. 23).〕〔"J.G. Davies has carefully set these out; and because they are relevant to an archaeological enquiry, we must distinguish them with the same care. The four principal modes are: 1. ''Submersion''; or total immersion, where the candidate goes briefly but entirely below the water, on the model of those baptised by John in the River Jordan; 2. ''Immersion''; where the head, as the prime seat of Man's rational and spiritual being, is in some way submerged, with or without the candidate having to stand in the same container of water; 3. ''Affusion''; …" ((Charles Thomas, ''Christianity in Roman Britain to A.D. 500''. University of California Press 1981 ISBN 0-520-04392-8. p, 204). )〕 and use instead for baptism that involves total immersion of the body beneath the water the term "submersion baptism".〔〔〔"A method of Baptism, employed at least from the 2nd cent., whereby part of the candidate's body was submerged in the baptismal water which was poured over the remainder. The rite is still found in the E. Church. In the W. it began to be replaced from c. the 8th cent. by the method of affusion, though its use was still being encouraged in the 16th cent., as it still is in the Anglican and RC Churches. The term is occasionally loosely used to include *submersion, from which it is strictly to be distinguished" (''Oxford Dictionary of the Christian Church''. Oxford University Press 2005 ISBN 978-0-19-280290-3, art. ''immersion'').〕〔(Peter M. Doll (editor), ''Anglicanism and Orthodoxy 300 Years after the "Greek College" in Oxford'' (Peter Lang 2005 ISBN 978-3-03910-580-9), p. 244 )〕〔"Archaeological evidence from the early centuries shows that baptism was administered sometimes by submersion or immersion … but also by affusion" – (''Oxford Dictionary of the Bible'' (Oxford University Press 1996, 2004 ISBN 0-19-860890-X), art. "baptism" )〕〔"J.G. Davies has carefully set these out; and because they are relevant to an archaeological enquiry, we must distinguish them with the same care. The four principal modes are: 1. ''Submersion''; or total immersion, where the candidate goes briefly but entirely below the water, on the model of those baptised by John in the River Jordan; 2. ''Immersion''; where the head, as the prime seat of Man's rational and spiritual being, is in some way submerged, with or without the candidate having to stand in the same container of water; 3. ''Affusion''; …" ((Charles Thomas, ''Christianity in Roman Britain to A.D. 500''. University of California Press 1981 ISBN 0-520-04392-8. p, 204 )〕〔"Immersion (Latin – past participle of ''immergere'' = ''immersum'') A method of baptism whereby part of the candidate's body is submerged, whilst the baptismal water is poured over the remainder. To be distinguished from submersion or total immersion" ((Tony Meakin, ''A Basic Church Dictionary''. Canterbury Press 2001 ISBN 1-85311-420-0, p. 18). )〕〔"In the early centuries baptism was usually by immersion. However, this need not have meant full submersion in the water. Early Christian mosaics portray persons kneeling or standing in the baptismal pool with water being poured over them" ((Peter C. Bower, 'The Companion to the Book of Common Worship''. Geneva Press 2003 ISBN 0-664-50232-6, p. 163). )〕〔(Presbyterian Church, ''Holy Baptism; and Services for the Renewal of Baptism: The Worship of God'' (Westminster Press 1985 ISBN 0-664-24647-8), p. 54 )〕〔"There have been four different modes of conferring baptism throughout history: (1) ''submersion'', also called ''dipping'', in which the candidate is completely submerged under the baptismal waters; (2) ''immersion'', in which the candidate stands or kneels in rather shallow water, and the water is either poured over the head of the candidate or the candidate's head itself is pushed partially into the water; (3) ''affusion'', in which water is poured over the head of the candidate; and (4) ''aspersion'' …" ((S. Anita Stauffer, ''On Baptismal Fonts: Ancient and Modern''. Grove Books 1994, pp. 9–10). )〕 抄文引用元・出典: フリー百科事典『 ウィキペディア（Wikipedia）』 ■ウィキペディアで「Immersion baptism」の詳細全文を読む スポンサード リンク
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